This is a … Whakaari / White Island ([faˈkaːɾi]) is an active andesite stratovolcano situated 48 km (30 mi) from the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand, in the Bay of Plenty.The island covers an area of approximately 325 ha (800 acres), which is only the peak of a much larger submarine volcano. They led a daily service of communion and remembrance at the Maori meeting house, or marae, next to White Island Tours. “I don’t think I’m going to make it,” Lauren would say. Strapping on gas masks, Law, Hill, and Storey ran the few hundred yards up into the crater through shin-deep drifts of hot ash. Because rescue crews inside the steep-sided crater would be cut off from all communication except what they could pick up on short-range handheld radios, Funnell told Law that he would circle the island and provide overhead radio cover, juggling his VHF radio and a cell phone to relay messages from the police and coast guard. Mark Law had been at a mountain-bike competition on the South Island that weekend and was driving the coast road back to Whakatane when he saw a massive, sinister-looking column of smoke appear on the horizon. Already engulfed, or about to be, were his 42 passengers. White Island liegt etwa 50 Kilometer nördlich der Küste von Neuseelands Nordinsel. At 2:50, Jason Hill took off with Tom Storey as copilot. Their liner, the Ovation of the Seas, had sailed from Sydney on December 4, and 24 of them were Australian, mostly families and middle-aged couples. What happened next reveals troubling questions about the risks we're willing to take when lives hang in the balance. “We would want to go to White Island, [but] air desk said: ‘No, you’re all to go to Whakatane.’ And we all went there.”. The difference between life and death can be minutes. An hour later, the number of tourists on the island had peaked. One adult was so disfigured it was impossible to tell if they were a man or a woman. Click on any image to start a slide show at that image. But there was no question that Whakatane would endure. Thanks for signing up! “You can!” Hopkins would insist. By the 21st century, most of the men and women who still worked on the sea made their living taking some 20,000 tourists a year to the island. Imagine what that does.” The pilots didn’t have to. But the unease generated by Pike River endured. Instead of heeding it, however, the central government responded as central governments are bound to: with more regulation. Caked in ash, its 1.5-ton weight had been knocked off its landing platform, and the blast had left two of its rotor blades folded at right angles to the ground like giant spider legs. Though Hayden struggled at first with the seven different talks on safety, history, and geology that a guide had to master, he looked the part with his seaman’s build and pirate’s sideburns, and he had such a way with passengers that Kingi came to see him as one of his best assets, promoting him from guide to skipper. Many of their burns were so severe that later, when the pilots saw pictures of the dead and missing on the news, they didn’t recognise them. It was about the thrill of feeling a little more alive by feeling a little closer to death, all the while knowing that, really, you were in no more danger than you would be crossing a road. Did Biden Vow To Eliminate the ‘Stepped-Up’ Basis for Capital Gains Tax? Did MyPillow CEO Mike Lindell Blame Capitol Attack on ‘Antifa Temptresses’? The July 2018 New Zealand Aeromedical and Air Rescue Standard, a revised version of guidelines already updated in 2015 and 2012, required operators to ensure they were “recognising and minimising the risk of threat and error,” and crews to “operate within a risk management system that maximises aviation safety.” Rescues would “never be to the detriment of flight safety.” The first criterion for judging whether a crew was fit to deploy was their ability to provide “safe and effective support of the operation of the aircraft in the prevailing and forecast conditions.” An ability to give “appropriate clinical support for the person(s) in distress” was merely the fifth criterion. The initial blast destroyed a Volcanic Air helicopter and knocked it off its landing platform. The video above was actually a simulation created by the Auckland War Memorial Museum. Snopes and the Snopes.com logo are registered service marks of Snopes.com. If New Zealand’s adventure industry often seemed like a marriage of the outdoors and mad science—seeing what happened, say, if you leapt off a bridge with a rubber band tied to your ankles—a walk around White Island was one of its gentler offerings. Underwater, Depauw saw a dark wave roll across the surface, then everything go black. That sense of community enterprise animated White Island Tours. Wellington (dpa) - Aus der Touristeninsel White Island ist nach dem Ausbruch von Neuseelands gefährlichstem Vulkan eine Todeszone geworden. My god, White Island volcano in New Zealand erupted today for first time since 2001. Recharge with nature on a tour of Moutohorā/Whale Island, one of New Zealand’s most restricted pest-free wildlife sanctuaries. One woman whose appearance matches that of Ivy Kohn Reed, 51, from Gaithersburg, Maryland, north of Washington, D.C., has her hands on her hips, waiting patiently to board. Under investigation by the coroner and Worksafe, White Island Tours must wait to hear whether it will be fined or prosecuted, or its business outlawed. From his hospital bed in Sydney, he watched a livestream of their funeral, at which his words were read out. The Brazilian tourist shared a video on Instagram showing the volcano erupting as his boat raced away from the island: And NBC News reporter Emmanuelle Saliba compiled this “minute-by-minute” look: NBC News. That spotless record partly reflected the tameness of the tours. He put Elzer, Mathews, and the third casualty beside each other in the recovery position. Nach dem Ausbruch des Vulkans auf der neuseeländischen Insel White Island vermutet die Polizei, dass es dort keine Überlebenden mehr gibt. Auf der neuseeländischen Insel White Island, einem beliebten Ziel von Touristen, ist am Montag ein Vulkan ausgebrochen. Of the 47 people on White Island at the time of the eruption, 21 died and 24 were injured. Despite more inquiries and election pledges, the miners’ 29 bodies remain unrecovered. But behind the blast wave, the air was beginning to clear. Tongues were puffing. In their place, the government set up a mandatory compensation policy under which it would foot all bills for the dead and injured. Enjoy a walk amongst the regenerated bush as you listen to the bird calls or dig yourself a geothermal spring pool at Onepū Bay. Claim: A video documents the volcanic eruption on New Zealand's White Island in December 2019. By mid-February, Lisa Dallow was described as critical but stable in Melbourne. He was less sure about the other two, who were now gathering with Waghorn’s group on the jetty. Kelsey Waghorn, 25, a marine biologist with a cascade of mousey brown curls and a rescue dog called River, would lead the first group of 19 passengers. White island is a must if you visit Camiguin. Subscribe to our What You Missed newsletter for the top headlines from the outdoor world, in your inbox six days a week. In this case, magma is shallow, and the heat and gases affect surface and groundwater to form vigorous hydrothermal systems. Wenzel 2005 Saz Ruster Ausbruch White (Burgenland) Thanks for signing up! The Peejay IV was already heading back to Whakatane with its few dozen passengers.     22 January 2020. The chemical makeup of its air and waters was regularly tested. “You always have a bit more in you.”. From where they were, the walkers would have seen the initial eruption. Alan Marshall-Inman would have his groups dip their fingers in the coppery streams and ask them if they tasted blood. Hayden’s group—one Australian-American family of four and 15 other Australians, including a family of four, two families of three, a trio of friends in their thirties, and a mother and daughter—were at the lip of the inner crater looking down on the lake. A video documents the volcanic eruption on New Zealand's White Island in December 2019. At 2:10, a GeoNet camera taking pictures at ten-minute intervals caught an image of Hayden’s group in the distance. Not waiting for instruction but doing the right thing as a community with a common cause. Dezember auf einer Sightseeingtour auf der Vulkaninsel White Island, als es zu dem Ausbruch kam. The flight from the North Island to White Island takes 20 minutes. “Much higher-ups said: ‘It’s an active volcano which is erupting, and you have to consider whether you’re putting crews’ lives in danger,’ ” said Sharni Weir, spokeswoman for Philips Search and Rescue Trust, which operates four choppers. So you’ve got superheated gases, you’ve got the blast, and you’ve got the acid atmosphere. He had been teaching instrument approaches to a student at Whakatane airstrip when he saw the eruption. After observing the rescue crews arrive and cut their engines outside the Kahu hangar, Mark Law suspected they might be a no-show on the island. “Laws dictate to the pilots that it’s too dangerous to go out there, you are not permitted to go, we are still assessing the situation. It was an unusual legal innovation and a typically Kiwi one: New Zealanders didn’t sue for damages, they fixed them. The lesson of Pike River was that disaster response needed quick, informed decision-making, and this required rescuers on the ground assessing their own risks and making their own calls. Unusual for peak season, there were no Kahu helicopters flying that day. Following would be two AW 169’s from Auckland Rescue Helicopter Trust, which could fly at 190 miles per hour and, with the golden hour in mind, were fitted out as flying emergency rooms. At a press conference, she acknowledged “those pilots who … made an incredibly brave decision under extraordinarily dangerous circumstances in an attempt to get people out.” By then, however, Law, Storey, Barrow, and Hill were telling reporters that the authorities were being too cautious. Whakaari/White Island Crater Floor. Many of the injured were wearing gas masks that looked to have been placed on them after they’d lost consciousness. Plews grabbed the ship’s radio. An active volcano, it is the top of a submarine vent at the northern end of the Taupo-Rotorua Volcanic Zone. In any other town, Depauw’s switch might have rankled Law, just as Law might have seen his operation as a rival to White Island Tours. That collegial spirit was apparent, too, in the consideration shown to Brian Depauw, a young airman who had returned to New Zealand after two years flying tourists over Victoria Falls in Zambia. The search for Hayden and Winona was finally called off on Christmas Eve. Law noted numerous shrapnel injuries and signs of internal damage. Along with the burns, they found evidence of the eruption’s force. Auch Stunden nach dem Ausbruch am Montag wurde es für Rettungskräfte als zu gefährlich betrachtet, auf White Island nach Vermissten zu suchen. Deep inside the crater, guide Hayden Marshall-Inman’s group of 21 had disappeared. Some couldn’t tolerate wind or sunlight. We hear from our audience every day about how much they love our long-form journalism. Kingi is grim faced, hunched over the wheel. They were proud, too, of how such initiatives explained why New Zealand’s national experiment was held up as an example to Australia, South Africa, and even the U.S. To its mixed-race staff of 60, and especially to Hayden, White Island Tours was a second family. One of the cornerstones of New Zealand’s adventure-tourism industry is a 1972 law effectively banning personal-injury lawsuits. Two days later, December 13, an army team took about three hours to recover the six remaining bodies. That’s who he was.”. With word that the Peejay IV was returning to the island after disembarking its uninjured passengers, Kingi elected to stay behind and continue to search. “I think they were only about four or five miles away,” Storey said. White Island (offizielle neuseeländische Bezeichnung: Whakaari/White Island) ist Neuseelands einzige aktive Vulkaninsel. At 2:11, a two-mile-high tower of steam. “New Zealand’s White Island Volcano Disaster Death Toll Rises to 20 as Two Missing People Confirmed Dead.” Plews grabbed the ship’s radio. Auf der neuseeländischen Insel White Island ist ein Vulkan ausgebrochen. Visiting White Island was about the thrill of feeling a little more alive by feeling a little closer to death, all the while knowing that, really, you were in no more danger than you would be crossing a road. Earthquakes Whakaari/White Island is currently New Zealand’s most active cone volcano, sitting 48 kilometres offshore. Did AOC Exaggerate the Danger She Was in During Capitol Riot? The clip shows a vast ball of cloud roll out of the crater, then, soundlessly and impossibly fast, swallow the island. Kelsey Waghorn’s group of 21, near the shore, were seconds from following them. Superintendent McGregor later said that what the pilots had achieved was “fantastic.” But he added: “It’s a police decision for their own safety. Whakaari/White Island is one of New Zealand’s most active volcanos, situated 48km off the coast of Whakatane in the North Island. Asked why emergency crews were kept away, a spokesperson for the police, which had overall command of the operation, replied with a written statement saying, “There were no signs of life … conditions on the island were unstable and there was significant risk in landing. White Island is northeast of the town of Tauranga on North Island, one of New Zealand’s two main islands. The beach, which had been a mosaic of colorful rocks, was buried under drifts of Chernobyl-like dust. Eleven days after the eruption, on December 20, the people of Whakatane assembled at the Baptist church for a service to celebrate Hayden’s life. At 3:05, Barrow and copilot Graeme Hopcroft lifted off from Rotorua. The order must have struck the crews as illogical—if the rescuers weren’t doing any rescuing, how would there be any casualties to transfer?—but when they double-checked, the word came back: stay away from White Island. As they processed what they were seeing, the pilots steeled themselves with the thought that they had arrived in time. A us der Touristeninsel White Island ist nach dem Ausbruch von Neuseelands gefährlichstem Vulkan eine Todeszone geworden. Hayden would tell the story of an ash eruption during a visit in September 2017. But in Whakatane, Law described Depauw and Volcanic boss Tim Barrow as “mates,” while Law’s children were best friends with Hayden’s niece and nephew—Andy and Mark’s kids—and he and Hayden were regulars at the town rugby park, where they could be found cheering on their boys. White Island: Sorge vor Ausbruch verzögert Opferbergung. He told Hill and Storey to leave the boat to the coast guard. When official confirmation came, his decision was immediate. Barrow and Hopcroft left shortly afterward. Kingi staggered his three boats’ departures. Throughout the pandemic, we'll keep publishing news to help you navigate the state of travel today (like whether travel insurance covers the coronavirus), as well as stories about places for you to put on your bucket list once it's safe to start going more far-flung. White Island Tours' chairman Paul Quinn said the company was deeply saddened following the significant eruption. Just inland from the island’s rocky southern beach, with four middle-aged German clients he had brought in by chopper an hour earlier, pilot Brian Depauw glanced around to see a mammoth cumulus silently fill the sky behind him, then “go vertical.” Off the island’s east coast, on the Phoenix with a few dozen other tourists, Brazilian Allessandro Kauffmann captured the moment on video. People were dying all around him. Evacuate! Wilson, Libby. Eruption hazards depend on the volcano and eruption style, and may include explosions, ballistics (flying rocks), pyroclastic density currents (fast moving hot ash clouds), lava flows, lava domes, landslides, ash, volcanic gases, lightning, lahars (mudflows), tsunami, and/or earthquakes. Abstract amazing. It was one of the most ingenious prison breaks of all time—if it worked. (Photo: Michael Schade/AP). Their arms appear to be swinging, their postures indicate an ambling pace, and their loose grouping suggests no urgency. The idea, said elder Joe Harawira, was to “wrap around” those grieving with spiritual understanding. Fifty miles away on New Zealand’s North Island, a search and rescue helicopter crew returning to base watched, astonished, as a colossal mushroom unfurled on the horizon. Whakaari/White Island Crater Floor. Speeding back to Whakatane, the Phoenix was now a hospital ship. Evacuate!”. WHITE ISLAND ERUPTION HISTORY. Now perhaps more than ever, its people knew who they were. That was the kind of place Whakatane was. Throats were closing. And when we say active, we mean very active – it is the most active cone volcano in all of New Zealand, a land known for its volcanic activity. It is part of the active Taupo volcanic zone and last … Check out our entire suite of free newsletters here. Now many of the injured were going into shock. White Island is an active andesite volcano of which just 10% is visible above the sea. Kelsey Waghorn’s group of 21, near the shore, were seconds from following them. Following Law’s and Hayden’s footsteps, he heaved Hayden out of the water and sat him upright on a bank. Neuseeland - Nachrichten und Information: An 365 Tagen im Jahr, rund um die Uhr aktualisiert, die wichtigsten News auf tagesschau.de Rund hundert Menschen hielten sich zu dem Zeitpunkt in dem Gebiet auf. White Island was also one of the world’s most closely observed craters, studded with webcams, seismometers, UV spectrometers, and survey pegs. Only a closer look reveals anything amiss. Der Vulkan von White Island, etwa 50 Kilometer von der Küste entfernt im Pazifik, ist Neuseelands aktivster Vulkan und wird jedes Jahr von etwa 10.000 Menschen besucht. The families needed to bury their loved ones. In his 40 years, Hayden had never tired of watching the steam shoot from the ground, puffing, balling, and rising into the wind before it drifted off across the water. The guides chatted with the passengers as they were welcomed aboard. Once more, this was tikanga. DeSantis Didn’t Tell Biden ‘Go F— Yourself’. A gray arm, likely belonging to her husband, Matt, 36, is hugging her. A us der Touristeninsel White Island ist nach dem Ausbruch von Neuseelands gefährlichstem Vulkan eine Todeszone geworden. With White Island Tours’ fleet of cruisers, and the helicopters making up to three trips a day, skippers and pilots coordinated their arrivals to avoid swamping the island. Only half the height and a very small proportion of the volume of this volcano are above sea level. Law said that he and the others could fly to the island, pick up all eight bodies, and be back in an hour and a half. Of Hayden’s group, “no one would have lived if we hadn’t gone when we did,” said Law. He dragged Maangi out of the stream. The urgency of their situation was suddenly apparent. A similar number from the Phoenix had completed their walk and, back on board, were cruising northeast for one last photo opportunity. But as the seconds pass, their skin swells and blisters, even peels right off, while those who have inhaled toxic gas find their breathing ever more restricted. "Devastation is an understatement. Hayden would take the second group of 19. Several skippers out at sea saw the eruption and called it in. (Photo: Ferrying the injured to White Island Tours’ passenger boats (Photo: Michael Schade/Handout/Xinhua/Getty). A major eruption formed a new crater in 2000, and small eruptions occurred in 2012, 2013, and 2016. On board Kingi’s tender, Waghorn is covered in ash and moving unsteadily. This is it, he thought. There’s more for you. Pollock said of his former crew member: “He would help anybody. Out in the bay, the Te Puia Whakaari was coated in matte gray ash. Funnell, 69, was a pioneer of New Zealand’s search and rescue service who lived in Taupo, in the hills. “Wherever he is, either on Whakaari or not, that’s where he should be,” she said. Paul Kingi, crewing on the Phoenix, saw the blast drop down onto the sea and hurtle toward his boat. Also heading out were two small helicopters from Volcanic Air, flying visitors from Rotorua, up in the hills. “Then she went all limp.” Reaching Law, he nodded at the body in his arms. GOOGLE. The footprints described almost unbelievable heroism. For all but three, it was the last picture of them alive. “Huge smoke coming very quickly … getting massive so fast,” was how Kauffmann’s wife, Aline, described it to reporters. That was the whole idea of visiting White Island. After an uneventful crossing, Plews anchored the Te Puia Whakaari in Crater Bay around 1 P.M. and began running his passengers ashore. A few weeks later, a video that supposedly showed the eruption circulated on social media: This video shot automatically from home installed camera shows New Zealand's White Island volcano eruption on 9 Dec 2019. Hayden became Kingi’s “pet project,” said Rick Pollock, 72, a retired Whakatane charter captain who had employed Hayden and Kingi as deckhands. Instead, like earthquakes and tsunamis, most volcano deaths occur among people who live in the area—the Journal counted 800 million residents within 60 miles of the world’s 1,508 active volcanoes, and reported that 216,035 had died in 517 years—though today, with early warnings and evacuation drills, years can pass without a single one of those, either. Auckland Museum, with support from EQC, the Earthquake Commission, are proud to present a dynamic permanent natural history exhibition: Volcanoes. Nearly an hour after the eruption, passengers who had been able to walk aboard were now moaning and screaming as their burns swelled and blistered. Depauw ran to the water’s edge and leapt. Hopkins told Good Morning Britain that he found himself comforting Lauren and Matt Urey, who were slipping in and out of consciousness. “Evacuate! As he yelled at everyone to get inside, the boat’s skipper gunned south, then made a wide curve around to the west and north, sidestepping the ash cloud like a matador executing a pass. By the time Hayden Marshall-Inman arrived on Whakatane’s river-side quay to help prep the boat, the day was already sharp enough to give him a clear view across the Bay of Plenty, through the collapsed crater wall, and into the heart of the volcano. Return to List. The two with him in the water seemed unhurt, though it later transpired that the woman had suffered burns to her arm. It was supposed to be a routine six-hour tour, including the highlight: a quick hike into the island's otherworldly caldera. Offiziellen Angaben zufolge starben mindestens 16 Menschen, die beiden Vermissten nicht eingerechnet. Aus Sorge vor weiteren Eruptionen hielten sich die Rettungskräfte auch am Tag nach dem Ausbruch von White Island fern. They welcomed and comforted the bereaved, found them accommodation and food. Atop the ash, they had to have been made after the eruption and seemed to indicate that Hayden had backtracked and tried to lead his group away from the crater, toward the ocean. The passengers look unhurried. A volcanic eruption means burns, and with those, time is especially pressing. But from police press releases, the pilots’ descriptions, and confirmation from New Zealand police, the 20 were: Martin Hollander, 48, and his U.S.-born wife, Barbara, 49, from Sydney, and their boys, Berend, 16, and Matthew, 13; Gavin and Lisa Dallow, 53 and 48, from Adelaide, and their daughter, Zoe Hosking, 15; Kristine and Anthony Langford, 45 and 51, from Sydney, and their daughter Winona, 17; Paul Browitt, from Melbourne, and his daughters Stephanie, 23, and Krystal, 21; Julie Richards, 47, from Brisbane, and her daughter, Jessica, 20; Richard Elzer, 32, and Karla Mathews, 32—boyfriend and girlfriend—and their friend Jason Griffiths, 33, all from the eastern Australian town of Coffs Harbour; Hayden Marshall-Inman and Tipene Maangi, both guides. Ausbruch Spiele: Die besten Spiele um Entkommen aus Räumen findest du bei Macrospiele. His friend was 40 yards on, lying by the same stream, unresponsive. The crater was two-thirds of a mile in diameter; the walk covered about half that. Paul Browitt, who had insisted that his daughter Stephanie be rescued before him, clung to life for more than a month but finally passed away in a hospital in Melbourne on January 13, bringing to 18 the number from Hayden’s group of 21 who perished. Whereas it used to be “half an hour to get there, half an hour to get them to hospital,” said spokesman Lincoln Davies, “we can treat them straight away.”, When the national air desk issued the crews their dispatch orders, however, there was a shock. Asked why they’d stopped rescue crews from flying to White Island immediately after the 2:11 eruption, a spokesperson for the national air desk declined to comment. In all, the pilots picked up 12 people in 40 minutes. “The reality of the situation that day,” Law said, “is it was all about volunteers taking care of the needs of many, while emergency services reacted to the needs of compliance and personal safety.” The authorities, he said, were “on a completely different page than us.”. Some were “starfished.” At 3:12, an hour and a minute after the eruption, Law touched down on a landing platform. The uninhabited Whakaari/White Island is the 2 x 2.4 km emergent summit of a 16 x 18 km submarine volcano in the Bay of Plenty about 50 km offshore of North Island. Jake Milbank is also coated and lying in the bows, staring up at the sky. None of them made it. Does This Video Show the White Island Volcano Eruption. Nach dem Ausbruch des Vulkans White Island in Neuseeland am Montag soll die Polizei untersuchen, ob Touristen trotz Warnung vor einem möglichen Ausbruch auf … Plews raised anchor, opened the throttle, and roared off for Whakatane. In fact, the opportunity to retrieve all the bodies had passed. Selbst von dort war die Aschewolke über der Insel zu sehen. The SE side of the crater is open at sea level, with the recent activity centered about 1 km from the shore close to the rear crater wall. White Island or Whakaari is an active andesite stratovolcano, situated in the Bay of Plenty, 48 km off the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. Whakatane’s coast guard reported minutes later that White Island Tours had three boats out with around 100 people aboard. Cheers! “Satellite Sees Deadly New Zealand Volcano Eruption from Space (Photos).” “Oh, my God!” shouted the pilot. Crackers can come in bags, boxes, and yes, even barrels. Among the first to be loaded was Lisa Dallow, who they knew was alive since, after asking Storey for water, she started throwing up blood and ash. To ensure the safety of locals and visitors there are currently no tours or flights to the island. No one would be flying to White Island. Evacuate!” he shouted. Gunter Triebaumer 2018 Ruster Ausbruch White (Burgenland) #52 Enthusiast 100 2020.     10 December 2019. abc.net.au. The museum shared this footage to its YouTube page under the title “Auckland Museum Volcano Simulation – Auckland Museum” and explained it was “an educational simulation of an earthquake caused by a volcanic eruption.”. After what he thought was two minutes, the light began to return and Depauw, his lungs aching, burst up into the air. 11 December 2019. While Storey and Law lifted more casualties aboard, Tim Barrow and Graeme Hopcroft touched down below. Whakaari/White Island Crater Rim. White Island liegt etwa 50 Kilometer nördlich der Küste von Neuseelands Nordinsel. White Island befand sich seit 2011 in einem Zustand nahezu kontinuierlicher Eruptionen mit zahlreichen, größtenteils kleinen Explosionen. One of the last to speak at the service was Avey Woods, Hayden’s mother. The Twitter account for Big Bird addressed viral pictures that purportedly showed orange, blue, green,... Did Dems’ Video Omit Trump’s Telling Supporters To ‘Peacefully and Patriotically’ Protest at Capitol? With that assessment, the volcano would be crowded. This material may not be reproduced without permission. When the magma hit the acid crater lake, or seawater and rainwater percolating down, or both, the water would have been flashed into gas and the molten rock into glass. New Zealand’s adventure operators were required to obtain Worksafe certification and submit to regular inspections. Even the most severely injured can sometimes walk and talk immediately after exposure.

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