[35] Mandalit Del Barco, “Feds Aim to Dismantle L.A.’s 18th Street Gang,” National Public Radio, 3 June 2009. See more. [9] Many 18th Street members have been reported to migrate to different cities and states in the US. 3, 2005): p.99, https://doi.org/10.2307/20034353. New York: Routledge, 2014. Anibal will begin his studies towards the Ph.D. in Political Science at UCI in Fall 2020. The spread of 18th Street across borders can be linked to US immigration policies. April 2006, p.5, https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADG834.pdf. In the early 2000s, beginning in El Salvador, governments began passing more stringent laws that criminalized mere “association” with gangs. Eighteenth Street is less “cohesive and disciplined,” and this has impacted its structure and activities. [38] John P. Sullivan, “Transnational Gangs: The Impact of Third Generation Gangs in Central America,” Air & Space Power Journal–Spanish Edition. Barrio ou Bárrio, nom commun signifiant « quartier » respectivement en espagnol (sans accent) et en portugais (avec accent), peut également être un nom propre qui désigne alors : Toponymes. [22], Prospects are initiated into the 18th Street gang by being beaten for 18 seconds or partaking in some type of illegal activity designated by a current member. Source: US Department of Justice. Bloomington: XLibris, 2020. [43] Additional rivals include various Sureño gangs such as C14, as well as, a few Crip gangs. Barrio 18 originally was composed of Mexican immigrants or people of Mexican descent, but soon began incorporating other Latino nationalities as Los Angeles’ immigrant community diversified. Before that, he earned his B.A. Cultural differences influence the operations and structure of the gang in its various locations. Eighteenth Street as a whole has developed Third Generation Gang features such as evolving from being a turf-based entity, the push to enter a more extensive illicit drug network (sales and distribution), and the gang’s internationalization. April 2006, p.5. According to the Drug Enforcement Administration, 18th Street is known to have business relationships with the Mexican Mafia (La Eme) and some Mexican Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs) such as the Sinaloa Cartel and the Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación (Jalisco New Generation Cartel). In the United States, by contrast, the estimated 30,000 to 50,000 members of the Barrio 18 have adopted a more defensive posture. In Central America, 18th Street’s main rival is MS-13, a rivalry so vicious that most incarcerated members of both gangs are housed in separate facilities. It is also known to have networks of lawyers, taxi drivers and mechanics as collaborators. [6], Eighteenth Street is one of the most significant gangs within Los Angeles and has spread to numerous locations. Although 18th Street was formed in the US, the majority of members in Central America were born and raised in that region. We then verify, write and edit, providing the tools to generate real impact. Thus, Clanton 14 or C14 began to be used by members. Strategic Notes on Third Generation Gangs, John P. Sullivan and Robert J. Bunker, “, by Air University: Wright Flyer Paper No. Such growth in membership and geographical coverage can be attributed to 18th Street’s open ethnic enrollment of members outside the Latino/a community, broadened the appeal for youth to join the gang. Mexican migrants from Southern California formed the Barrio 18 group in the 1960s. This person needs to be able to work in a fast-paced world of daily news, high-profile investigations, national and international…. All posts tagged: Barrio 18. The lack of services available to youth and the approach governments take to curtail gangs impact the ability for a gang to recruit. Download or Read: THE LOS ANGELES BARRIO 1850 1890 A SOCIAL HISTORY PDF Here! The gang’s reliance on extortion and its penchant for violence, however, puts it at odds with local communities to a greater extent than its rival the MS13. Last night elite cops captured 13 male and five female members of Barrio 18 suspected of gunning down journalist Igor Padilla in San Pedro Sula. Despite the Barrio 18’s Mexican roots, the gang is not one of the strongest organizations in Mexico. [17] Additionally, outside of the US, 18th Street has been reported in Canada, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Lebanon, Mexico, Peru, and Spain. Authorities have responded to the group with heavy-handed anti-gang crackdowns that have not proven to be successful long-term approaches. These so-called “mano dura,” or “iron fist,” policies only encouraged the gangs’ growth by concentrating many members in prison, pushing them to reorganize and regroup. However, while much of the drug peddling in US cities is controlled by street gangs, evidence that the Barrio 18 is part of an international distribution network is anecdotal. 212 mentions J’aime. The gang also has a close relationship with the Mexican Mafia, and has reportedly established some links with the Zetas and Sinaloa Cartel. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-11-17-mn-1539-story.html, http://www.streetgangs.com/hispanic/cityofla/central/clanton14th_1st#sthash.HSgml9M3.dpbs, http://www.streetgangs.com/hispanic/18thbarrios, https://www.insightcrime.org/el-salvador-organized-crime-news/barrio-18-profile-2/, https://unitedgangs.com/18th-street-gang/, https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment#Appendix-D:%20Acknowledgements, https://www.justice.gov/archive/ndic/pubs27/27612/appendb.htm, https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADG834.pdf, https://lacc.fiu.edu/research/the-new-face-of-street-gangs_final-report_eng.pdf, https://www.vice.com/sv/article/vdqxnm/la-gang-photos-andres-herren-876, https://www.interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/2013_05_14_Central_Am_Violentas_y_Violentadas_es.pdf. [16] José Miguel Cruz et al., “The New Face of Street Gangs: The Gang Phenomenon in El Salvador,” 2017, 4, [20] Ana Arana, “How the Street Gangs Took Central America.”, [22] Jessica Farber, “War in Peace: Exploring the Roots of El Salvador’s Gang Violence,”, https://www.coha.org/war-in-peace-exploring-the-roots-of-el-salvadors-gang-vio-lence/, [23] Till Rippmann, “Photographing LA’s Gang Wars,”. [19] Seelke, “Gangs in Central America,” p.10. The origins of the 18th Street gang can be traced to Los Angeles, California, during the early 1960s in the Rampart District. We go into the field to interview, report and investigate. 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[23] The gang remains predominately composed of men;[24] the women who join the gang have three avenues to do so, an 18-second beating (beat-in), sexual intercourse with multiple members, or being the girlfriend or wife of a member can potentially lead to membership over time.  Second Trimester 2008, https://www.academia.edu/927368/Transnational_gangs_The_impact_of_third_generation_gangs_in_Central_America.Â. While at CSUSB, he was also a 2018-2019 CSU Sally Casanova Pre-Doctoral Scholar. Approximately 200 cliques affiliated with 18th Street operate throughout Southern California, including the San Fernando and San Gabriel Valleys, the South Bay, South Los Angeles, Pico-Union (their original home), Inglewood, Lynwood, Huntington Park, as well as Riverside and Orange Counties. As a 2019 visiting student at the University of California, Irvine (UCI), Anibal reviewed some of international relations' most dominant theories to examine how they understand and explain violent non-state actors (VNSAs). Get fresh updates on organized crime from across the region delivered to your inbox. The gang continues to morph and adapt to local conditions. 206 likes. In 2017, Dr. José Miguel Cruz an expert in gangs and criminal violence in Latin America, and a research team at Florida International University conducted a study on gangs in El Salvador. It earned particular notoriety for its role in the Los Angeles riots that followed the acquittal of the police who brutally beat Rodney King, an African-American motorist, in 1992. It earned particular notoriety for its role in riots in that city following the acquittal of the police who brutally beat Rodney King, an African-American motorist. It is one of the largest transnational criminal gangs in Los Angeles, with 30,000 to 50,000 members in 20 states across the US alone and is also allied with the Mexican Mafia. [38] A 2016 report by Insight Crime and the Asociación para una Sociedad más Justa (Association for a More Just Society) states that “little evidence suggests that Barrio 18 is close to developing deeper relationships with transnational drug trafficking organizations” in Honduras, and the gang remains a subsistence-level group who depends on “extortion and its willingness to use violence.”, Nonetheless, these relations create a criminal network that is held by the financial incentives of the drug market. [34] Cruz et al., “The New Face of Street Gangs: The Gang Phenomenon in El Salvador,” p.5. [44] Alejandro Alonso, “18th Street Gang in Los Angeles County.”, [45] Steven Dudley and Héctor Silva Ávalos, “MS 13 in the Americas: How the World’s Most Notorious Gang Defies Logic, Resists Destruction.”, [46] Robert J. Bunker and Angelo Thomas, “Third Generation Gangs Strategic Note No. As gang members arrived in their country of origin, some began to establish relationships with youth in their neighborhoods and started to expand their gang’s membership. In Honduras, for example, the leaders of Barrio 18 are called “toros” (bulls), each toro has clicas under him, and a “homie” leads each one,” each homie has several “soldados” (soldiers) under him. 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Barrio 1850 1890 A Social History PDF direct on your mobile phones or PC. The Barrio 18 and the MS13 are fierce enemies, and internal divisions within the Barrio 18 periodically flare up into violence. [8], According to a 2011 Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) national gang threat assessment, 18th Street has a presence in numerous states within the US, including California, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia, Washington, and the District of Columbia. History The 18th Street Gang, also known as “Barrio 18,” is one of the largest youth gangs in the Western Hemisphere. Republished from From time to time members of the School of Advanced Study publish about their research on other websites. Moreover, many gang members have participated in illegal activities to finance their lives and help further the power and reach of 18th Street. Authorities allege that these groups, along with other members of an international alliance of gangs called the Sureños (for their Southern California heritage), run drugs from Central America to the United States. Anibal looks forward to continuing his research on how nation-states understand and cope with violent non-state actors and their impacts on international, national, and human security. Washington, DC: National Drug Intelligence Center. The September 2016 arrest of an alleged Barrio 18 leader in Spain hinted at the gang’s desire to expand its presence in Europe. On the outside, they branched into kidnapping, petty drug trafficking and contract killings. While some accounts trace its origins to the late 1950s, the gang began to take its current form in the 1980s after splitting from the Clanton 14 gang. The group operates in dozens of cities across more than 20 states. This article reviewed the rise and proliferation of 18th Street while introducing its modus operandi, allies, adversaries, and symbology. [7] “Barrio 18,” InSight Crime. It is one of the gangs frequently mentioned in a transnational context and often referred to as a mara—a type of sophisticated gang—due to its presence in El Salvador and other parts of Central America. Following a series of violent incidents in prisons between the Barrio 18 and its rival, the MS13, Salvadoran officials separated inmates from the rival gangs. [2] [12] “USAID Central America and Mexico Gang Assessment.” Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development. Specifically, the gang formed in the “neighborhood where the Santa Monica and Harbor Freeway intersect, near 18th Street and Union Avenue,” the area is also known as Pico-Union. [11] According to a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Central America and Mexico Assessment, “gang activity used to be territorially confined to local neighborhoods, globalization, sophisticated communications technologies, and travel patterns have facilitated the expansion of gang activity across neighborhoods, cities, and countries.” [12], The 18th Street gang has both national and transnational presence driven by internal and transnational migration flows. January 21, 2009 by admin. Through the movement of 18th Street members, the membership of the gang has increased rapidly–as of 2008, it was estimated to have about 30,000-50,000 members in the US. Inside prison, Barrio 18 leaders increased their control over criminal activities like as extortion. Though recent policies have been more mindful of the many facets of the conflict, the overall demonization of gangs by both US and Salvadoran governments has served more to exacerbate violence and fear in El Salvador than to quell the ongoing bloodshed. [1]  Eighteenth Street is known as 18th Street, Barrio 18, Calle 18, Mara 18, and M-18 in its various locations. The leaders of both the MS13 and the Barrio 18 proved alarmingly adept at using their now heightened political profile to their advantage, fuelling concerns that the initiative could provide a means of increasing their criminal sophistication and overall influence in the country. History of the Barrio 18 gang. Whereas El Salvador saw about 13 or 14 murders a day in the beginning of that year, this fell to around five a day, on average, in the subsequent months. However, as other Latino nationalities joined the immigrant population, the Barrio 18 began to recruit members from a variety of backgrounds, a development that would facilitate the group’s spread into other nations, particularly in Central America. Thanks for sharing this fantastic article, your article is unique and very powerful for readers. [45] Members use their hands to create gang signs; with one hand, they form an “E” for Eighteen, and with both hands, they form the number “18.” There are various adaptations of gang signs and may vary by member and location. [10] In doing so, 18th Street has created a nationwide presence. Un article de la revue Politique et Sociétés (Volume 24, numéro 1, 2005, p. 3-144) diffusée par la plateforme Érudit. Barrio 18 Demystifying the Maras. Avelino Barrio est un médecin et un herpétologiste argentin d’origine espagnole, né le 10 août 1920 à La Corogne et mort le 30 juin 1979 à Buenos Aires.. Biographie. In the 1980s. Numerous cliques cooperate with other cliques, while others function independently. Many of the solutions presented by governments depended on police and military operations and exacerbated the issues they were supposed to curtail. [16]    Â. Eighteenth Street as a whole can be considered a transnational gang due to its presence in various countries and their illicit activities that transcend borders. History. 18th Street, also known as Calle 18, Barrio 18, Mara 18, or simply La 18 in Central America, is a multi-ethnic (largely Central American and Mexican) transnational criminal organization that started as a street gang in Los Angeles. [16] José Miguel Cruz et al., “The New Face of Street Gangs: The Gang Phenomenon in El Salvador,” 2017, 4, https://lacc.fiu.edu/research/the-new-face-of-street-gangs_final-report_eng.pdf.

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